Existentialism in Education

INTRODUCTION: A study of acute toxicity of a total of existentialist philosophy of writing reveal about existentialism is neither easy nor simple, but very demanding and complex. If doubts and confusion is not done, we can only say that “the contradictions and inconsistencies are central to his thinking.” 1 Some examples of such paradoxes – Privacy Heidegger – “Death to analyze to understand life, Jaspers: “Give up your world and again, Santra: You’re a free man, if you deny God, Kierkegaard:” You are a free man if he accepts “God, etc. Once the review has drawn attention to Sartre for your comment . “His philosophy is problematic and ambiguous”, the answer was “Man of Sartre seems to be ambiguous. ‘2 Not only his thoughts, though his language is obscure. Here is an example of existential dialectic confusion:” Nothing is revealed in fear but not as something that “is.” Neighter can be considered an object. Dread is not afraid of anything. We prefer to say anything based on fear, as though one with what-is-in-all? 3 “Another very important source of confusion is due to the life and beliefs of different existentialist philosophers. Kierkegaard, Marcel and Jaspers are theists, while Sartre and Heidegger are agnostic. Jaspers is Protestant, while Marcel is a devout Catholic . The less already said in the diversity of other existentialist philosophers as Berdyaev, Buber, Tillich and Neibhur. “Historical Overview -: Like all Indian philosophy is either an extension, interpretation, criticism and corroboration of Vedas and Upanishads or open rebellion against them, as can be seen in Western philosophy as a clarification of Socrates or rejection. It would still be correct to say that all Western philosophy is an annex on Socrates. Therefore, it is also true with existentialism that Socrates was considered the first existentialist. Socrates’ statement “I am and have always been a man to obey anything in my nature, unless resoning after reflecting, I think is best.” From Plato to (Spinoza, Leibniz), Descartes, Most Western thinkers have to believe in the immutability of the ideas and the rest of thinkers have suggested solutions for this. Whatever your frame of reference has always been the “essence precedes existence, the gasoline is designated in the ideas, values, ideals, thoughts and existence, etc. is returned to our lives.

In the last series that Hegal carried further than this effort to understand the world rational. But by the mid 19th century there arose a Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) not only rejected the Platonic idea, but withdrew the application itself. Kierkegaard who can be regarded as the founder of the philosophy of existence contradicts Hegal and said that existence precedes essence. 6 It is against all forms of rationalizations, general and universal questions of philosophy. He is extreme subjectivism it. His major work “Atleast O / o / to be or not to be. for the Western world, the first half of the twentieth century was an age of anxiety, conflict, suffering, the tragic events, the horrow anxiety, distress, persecution and human sacrifices caused by the two world wars intermittently . As Harper wrote: “The tragedy, death, guilt, suffering required to assess their overall situation, more of happiness, joy, success, innocence, as it is in the former capital that the elections must be made . “7 Then he got a group of philosophers spread throughout Germany, France and Italy have been the scene of the social crisis. Among these were the philosophers Karl Jaspers and Martin Heideger Germany. France has contributed to two other existentialists – Gabriel Marcel and Jean-Paul Sartre. “There are quite a few gentlemen who are associated with distance from the philosophy of existentialism as Schelling, Nietzsche, Pascal, Hussrell that influenced the existential thought, but can not be strictly classified as existentialists.” 8 existentialism has a short history of nearly two centuries. Meaning of Existentialism -: There are several ways to examine the current existential thought. As a system of philosophy or school of thought, existentialism is a return goes against traditional metaphysics. As a theory of human development is an approach to highlight the existence of being and becoming. Since a person in the state of becoming, is still in a phase of constant dynamics, life can be seen as a journey that is increasingly modern experiences and gain greater understanding. “Existentialism is a protest against the rationalism of traditional philosophy, contrary to the notions of misleading bourgeois culture and values of industrial civilization dehumanizing. Since the alienation, loneliness and self-odd pose a threat to personality of the man in the modern world, existential thought has considered their concerns cardinal a search for subjective truth, a reaction against the “denial of self” and an eternal quest for freedom. From the Greek philosopher Socrates thinkers in the first century XX. French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, have dealt with this tragic sense of ontological reality – the human situation in a comic context. etymological sense -: the etymological meaning of “existence” of two German words – “ex-tent” , which means that what stands out, it “appears” suggests that existentialism is a philosophy that emerges from the problems of life. existentialism defined -: different definitions of existentialism have been proposed by different authors.

Blackham (1952) existenalism described as a philosophy of being “a philosophy of the certification and acceptance and rejection of the attempt to rationalize and think about being.” The characteristic of existentialism, according Blackham, is that “it is the separation of man from himself yourself and the world, which raises the question of philosophy rather than trying to establish some type universal justification that allows the man, but to readjust continually expanding and paving of the primary separation itself and constitutive of human existence. “12 Harries and Levey (1975) defines existentialism as” any of several philosophic systems, all centered on the individual and his relationship with the universe or God. “Tiryakian 13 (1962) defines it as” an attempt to reaffirm the importance of the individual through rigorous in many respects radically new analysis of the nature of man. 14 In the view presented here, existentialism is a humanistic perspective on the individual situation, a philosophy of existence, of being, authenticity and universal freedom. It is a search, beyond despair, creative identity. That philosophy is a consultant in crisis, a crisis in the life of the individual, who asked to make a “choice” in terms of its future existence. “15 In short, life is to live life alone, the means to maintain perfect, powerful, conscious, responsible and intelligent life. The man should have the opportunity of subjective consciousness. The truth is realized only in the inner life. As the modern industrial engineering and has taken the liberty of man, existentialism focuses on freedom and individual responsibility. He has an eye-view of human frailty and insecurity as the man leads a solitary life, surrounded by anxiety, frustration, fear, guilt, etc. Your individuality is crushed. basic principles underlying assumptions – 1) The center of existence is the man instead of the truth, laws, principles or gasoline. Man is characterized by the decisions, the will and choice. Although the focus existentialist man’s place in the world, or the relation of man to be, or even the relationship between man and God, even suggest a certain uniqueness and mystery of the human person. The phenomenon of man, so is the life lived, and the mystery is the awareness of the deep, complex man, science and rational thought can not comprehend or explain. 2) The concept of oneness and the mysterious man implies that previous definitions of rights have been entirely satisfactory. The uniqueness of man comes from his emotions, feelings, perception and thought.

The philosophy of existentialism emphasizes meaning, developing a sense of his life, man can do something about the absurdity that surrounds it. Man is the creator, and therefore, the master of culture. It is man who imposes a sense of his universe, although this universe can work very well without it. The man can not be “taught” what the world is about. We have to create for himself. 3) Man is not alone in the world. It is connected with other men, communicate with others and, therefore, can not live in a state of anarchy. Life is considered a gift, which, in part, is a mystery. Man is free to choose commitments in life, at his option, he himself becomes. It is the product of choice. It is, therefore, an individual who is different from other people. The person in real life is more important than any statement, we can do about it. man’s existence is more important than gasoline. 4) Existentialism posits the belief that man can not accept the concepts and facts of life imposed upon him. It’s a free agent, able to form his own life and choose their own destiny. So we can not treat people like machines, at first pull a lever, the other, and wait for expected results. Therefore, we can not say that the stimulus-response or the package is an adequate description of human behavior. The man can transcend themselves and their culture. 5) A synthesis of immanence and transcendence, guided by a sense of wonder of the fundamental ontological and subjective knowledge is there. 6) People are able to appreciate the value of men in extreme situations, sadness, disappointment and death allow men to achieve authentic life. In summary, the principles of existentialism to a kind of subjective approach and conduct the defense of the appearance of the person in an impersonal place. Some concepts in existentialism -: 1) The essence precedes existence is Plato who says that the world around you is a world of essences – the ideas, values, ideals, thoughts, etc and purpose of life is to discover these species. The trees are there and that precede existence. Although it is an embodiment of an essence – the car, which is part of a universal essence – the self. Most other Western philosopher who extended the theory.

Descartes goes on to say the reality of existence, because its essence – the idea, as he said, “I think, therefore I am.” Bergson has even gone so far as to say that “I do not think that petrol () believe in me,” 16 so finding a transcendental human existence deterministic desperate note. natural philosophers rejected this same type of determinism transcendent, but replaced by a naturalistic determinism in the identification of species in nature than the previous existence. In the pragmatic others spoke of social determinism. As such, exstentialism is a rebellion against all forms of determinism and the affirmation of human freedom. They argue that existence precedes essence that man is basically free to create their own kind. As Blackham wrote: “There is creater of man. The man was discovered. Its existence was first is now in the process of determining its essence. The man is first, and then define.” 17 As Sartre himself explains his concept for us, “what is meant here by saying that” existence precedes essence? “This means that, first of all, man exists, appears on the scene, and then defines himself only. This means, such as the existentialist sees him is indefinable, it is first because it is nothing. Only then does something and it did what it was … “18 Therefore, we can easily observe that when idealists believe in the values transcendent, naturalists believe that the values are in nature, the pragmatists argue that the social values derived from life, existentialists argue that the individual alone creates values. Reality is a state of transformation. Existence is increasing every moment of life and the essence is a consequence of this perpetual becoming. 2) “emergency” of human life is forgiveness “or” shoot-Ness of Life. Existentialists believe that the existence of a person means the time from birth to death. There was nothing before birth and would be nothing beyond death. We have been thrown into a social life and social characteristics of this life are the contingent circumstances of our lives. “This event is often characterized by experiences of fear, terror, anxiety, loneliness, confusion, uncertainty, and finally ended with death.” 19 As Jean Wahl, said: “The man in this world, a world limited by the death and lived in fear, is aware of himself as essentially anxiety is overwhelmed by his loneliness in the horiz its temporality. “20 Therefore, we are all aware of our situation in life, death and limited by the existentialist correctly notes that man is the only person in the world who knows that at some time of his death. Consequently, throughout its existence is permeated by fear, anxiety and fear. He can not escape or transcend this situation. You must learn to live with the anguish, fear and anxiety. must learn to love death (Judges Socrates, Lincoln, Kennedy , Gandhi, and a dozen other great men who die for a cause has been significantly more important than living a life without purpose.)

Indian Philosophy and existential concept -: There are a number of correlations in Indian philosophy to existential concepts for eg Anxiety Dukh, fear and horror, Bhagya, etc. But when existentialism Bhiti advises us to live with this kind of contingency Indian philosophy advises us to transcend them. (He who is not depressed by fear, excited by the joy and sometimes fear, love, anguish, horror and anger kept her composure and balance as wise). 23 Even India’s attitude toward death is similar to that of existentialism. By way of example, the co-Gita – (For a man enjoying popular esteem of children is worse than death), “said Gandhi’s death of freedom is sweeter than life in servitude. March ‘25) Freedom is identical to the existence -: According to Sartre, freedom is identical to exist. What has been described existentialism as a search for ways in which freedom can be the man to create largely determined and understood. In terms of Marjorie Grene – “The revolutionary philosophy seems to be the philosophy of freedom – not only the philosophy of those who seek freedom, but the philosophy of the act itself quite freely.” 27 According to the existentialist, man is not only free, but is condemned to be free. It is not free, not free. It is the tragedy of human life. This leads to infinite freedom of the deep sense of responsibility and position of the load with a heavy responsibility is the cause of anxiety, anguish and anxiety. The unique quality of human reality is that there is no excuse 28. A bold, the existence honest, responsible and authentic human help to address this situation. 4) “be” According to existentialism, education must be a man must do so subjective and conscious of his individuality or “self.” Be aware of itself, reflect his ego and he will get a better understanding of his being. “5) authentic existentialist man have a special connotation of the real man, they say, c is the one who has the permeability of their values and choices by the awareness of its situation, particularly as regards the fact of death. If a man sees his imminent death, was authentic existence. 6) individuality individuality is based on self-realization, a motivating force, which makes the inner life of man from the center of the free concentration of fear. There a basic desire and inclination of the existence of the individuality of man. It must be recognized. If this existential individuality is recognized, his life becomes deliberate and important. At the same time, it became aware of her self. 7) subjective (consciousness of self) This means that the nature of the knower.

Chaube However, SP and Akhilesh (1981, p. 225) writes -: Kierkegeard said: “Because I exist because I think, therefore I think I exist.” According with the statement “I think” it is clear that “I” exists and has an existence. “I” that exists is always subjective and not objective. Objectivity is a concept still impossible. only gives ideas, but these ideas can be made to become introverted and subjective. If we use the “we” instead of “I” the existence of “I” has lost its objectivity and subjectivity replaces. existential subjectivity only means of self-existence. “Objective knowledge is mentally do if a person looks at it subjectively. But objective knowledge is irrelevant, because as soon as self-conscious, it becomes irrelevant and, by becoming the center of self-consciousness, becomes global and subjective. Now, the person because of knowing the object has no desire to know the object, but comes to know himself. (Note -: The concept of meaning “and” existence “has already been discussed) Fundamentals – 1) Because existential reality, that” being “or” the existence of an individual. 2) existentialism is that the man without metaphysics. 3) You want to restore the state of the man who has lost in this technologically advanced mechanized society. 4) Man is not man, but humanity. It implies that all human action, while the subjective influence inspired by other people. 5) The existentialists mean that the spirit of the person is the source and content of all knowledge. 6) The product of the existence of “inner man.” 7) This knowledge is valid, that is of value to the individual. Eight) do not believe in absolute terms. They argue that both the empirical spirit is alive, must remain open to revision and correction and consequently can not adhere to fixed values. 9) The values must be generated by our free decisions. 10) Freedom is the source of ultimate values. 11) The emphasis on “personal existence and subjectivity in existentialism has led to a focus on human freedom, choice and action. 12) Freedom is the raw material of” being. “The man must” be your freedom, which is the basis of all human activity. “To be free is to be free to change to do, act, make the world change the world.” 29 13) The idea of death must be accepted willingly. 14) The essence precedes existence. Means a person lives before dying. Until a person dies, you can always change their nature to do things well and then he will die a noble death. 15) Even if God exists, it makes no difference to a man who needs to know that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God. 16) Human development is regarded as independent of external forces, guided by the creative forces of the integral self. This development is a synthesis of self-directed self-energy for the potential, aspirations and needs. 17) Everyone has freedom of choice, which implies a capacity for change. It is a freedom that allows for self-ups. 18) Identify and security achieved at the price of freedom constituda bad faith. Similarly, the question of the dynamics of personality is an act of bad faith. 19) The development consists of a unique subjective that the individual relates to others and the process of being and becoming. 20) “The individuality of man is supreme. This” personality “is bigger and more important than the existence of man, nation and the world. It is very close to the individual life of man.” 30 of 21) The existence the “I” relates to the existence of “others.” VR Taneja writes – “existentialist does not believe in absolute terms. Indirectly, however, admit the absolute values as the” conscience Death, “” loyalty, “” sincerity “,” integrity “, etc.” Existentialism is an ethic of integrity which itself is a bad flight, facing oneself is good. “It is the integrity of character and action rather than the unique vision to look.” Treat every man as an end and never as a means. “Each must choose without reference to pre-set values. Everyone has the right to invent one for you. The man does. It is all done. It is through the choice of his morality. You can not choose anything except his moral character. Such is the pressure of circumstances upon him. The heart and center of existentialism is the absolute nature of free commitment whereby realized. “EDUCAIONAL existentialism 31 Consequence -” The philosophy of existentialism has not shown a particular interest in education. “32 Thus, it was observed that the educational implications are derived and deduced from his philosophy and that are developed by the existentialists.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION AND Existentialism – 1) “Education is what allows an individual to achieve the best you can. In this way, education should help the individual to achieve the facticity” (emergency) of its existence to deal with this artificiality categories – fear, anxiety and fear – and courage, and finally prepared to face death with pleasure. “33 2)” Education for happiness is a dangerous doctrine, because can be no happiness without pain and ecstasy, without suffering. “34 Therefore, the existentialists would support an education that opens wide to the children of human suffering, misery, anguish and terrible responsibility of adulthood. 3) Students should develop a uniform set of values to authenticate its existence by granting to these values and thus act as willing to die for those values to live without them. Dyning for his country was the ultimate sacrifice. Cuatro) Each person is unique. Education must develop him that the singularity. It must respond to individual differences. 5) Education should make students aware of the infinite possibilities of freedom and the responsibilities assigned in life. 6) The most important goal in education is the future of the human person as a man who lives and makes decisions about what to do and be. “Saber” in the sense of self-knowledge, social relations, and biological development, are all part of becoming. The human existence and the value associated with the plant, is in primary education. 7) Education for the full development of personality. A greater emphasis on the subjective knowledge of objective knowledge. 9) Education for the perfection of man in environment. 10) The education must create an awareness of self. 11) Education must train people to make better decisions and give men the idea that, because their decisions are never perfect, the consequences can be predicted. 12) “The ultimate goal of education is to make man conscious of his fate, given his understanding of” being “and that eventually led to his heavenly home. Therefore, it is clear that existentialism accepts the principle of liberal education. “35 In short, the goal of education is that everyone can develop their unique qualities to reach their potential and cultivate their individuality. This means that the share of education existentialist formulations and child rearing practices are a lot of advice. From existentialist view human life as unique and emerging child must be recognized as a whole person and not a full adult single. The practices by which the child is socialized vary from culture to culture. Existentialism CURRICULUM -: 1) From the existentialists believe in freedom of individuals, who do not advocate a rigid curriculum. 2) They recognize “individual differences” and want to have different programs to meet the needs, abilities and skills of the individual. 3) Curriculum, say no are the first to the immediate needs but also the final requirements. 4) The central place given to the humanities, poetry, theater, music, art, novels, so carrying the impact of human rights inherent to reveal quilt sin, suffering, tragedy, death and love’s purpose. Humans have spiritual power. The art and literature, which they say should be taught, because they represent a priori causal () the power of human nature. Thanks to these benefits to students’ ideas and opinions of others. 5) “Second place is given to the social sciences, because they lead men to think that there is nothing more than an object. They, however, want to teach science to inculcate social and moral obligation to meet the individual’s relationship to a group. “36 6) The story should teach students to help change the course of history and future of the mold. 7) The specialization in a field should be complemented by the liberalization of education because it is the man that counts, not the profession. The study of religion in the world should be taught to develop freely the religious attitude of the students. The ideal school can perform religious doctrine in accordance with this the student to accept or reject . The religion prevents him from death. 9) Perform some form of self-study program. self-examination and social obedience is the first lesson. The child must be saved from his own ego and without examining those that interfere with the free exercise of moral decision. 10) math and science subjects should be included in the program, but should not more stress because they have to do with objective knowledge. “Self-awareness precedes knowledge universal.” 37 In short, do not believe in the formal program that consists of an entire body of literature to follow, but with a program, which includes the effect affects the heart and the spirit of good reading and personal passion. The program should be selected, sorted and property of the student.

TECHNICAL INSTUCTIONAL and existentialism – 1) existentialist for Socratic approach to education as the Socratic method is personal, intimate affair and I You.